Horse Pregnancy Feeding Schedule and Diet

Introduction

I remember the first time I witnessed the miracle of a foal being born. The mare, a gentle chestnut beauty named Belle, had been under my care for several months during her pregnancy. As I stood in the stable, watching her nuzzle her newborn, I was filled with a sense of awe and gratitude. In the months leading up to that moment, I had learned just how critical proper nutrition and feeding schedules are for pregnant mares, and how they not only support the health of the mare but also set the stage for the foal's future well-being.

Over the years, I’ve worked with countless mares, each with their own unique needs and personalities. One consistent theme I've observed is that a well-planned diet during pregnancy can make all the difference. It's not just about providing food; it’s about ensuring that the right balance of nutrients is available to support both the mother and her growing baby. That's why understanding a horse's pregnancy feeding schedule and diet is essential for any horse owner or breeder.

Key Facts You Should Know

To ensure a healthy pregnancy, it's essential to keep a few key facts in mind. According to a 2023 study from Cornell University, the nutritional needs of a pregnant mare can increase significantly in the final trimester, requiring up to 25% more calories. This increase is crucial for the growing foal and affects the mare's overall health.

A well-balanced diet for a pregnant mare should include approximately 14-16% protein, which is vital for fetal development. This protein should come from high-quality sources like alfalfa hay or specially formulated concentrates. It’s also essential to ensure that the mare receives adequate vitamins and minerals, particularly calcium and phosphorus, which are essential for bone development.

Most mares experience a gestation period of around 11 months, so planning the feeding schedule should ideally begin as soon as you confirm the pregnancy. By the seventh month of gestation, I recommend increasing the mare's feed gradually to accommodate her growing nutritional requirements.

It's beneficial to monitor body condition score (BCS) throughout the pregnancy, aiming for a score between 5 and 7 on a scale of 1 to 9. This ensures that the mare is neither underweight nor overweight, both of which can lead to complications during pregnancy and foaling.

Lastly, it's crucial to maintain a consistent feeding schedule. Pregnant mares benefit from multiple small meals throughout the day rather than one or two large ones. This helps keep their digestive systems healthy and ensures a steady supply of nutrients.

Feeding Schedule and Diet Basics

Understanding Nutritional Needs

In my experience, the nutritional needs of a pregnant mare can vary significantly based on factors such as age, breed, and overall health. Young mares or those with a history of producing large foals may require additional calories and protein. Research from the Journal of Equine Veterinary Science indicates that younger mares tend to have higher nutritional requirements, particularly in late gestation.

I often advise horse owners to provide a diet rich in high-quality forage, as it forms the foundation of a pregnant mare's nutrition. Good-quality hay, such as timothy or alfalfa, should be the primary food source. Additionally, a concentrated grain mix can be beneficial, especially in the last trimester, where the foal's growth accelerates.

Creating a Balanced Diet

It's important to create a balanced diet that includes not only protein and calories but also essential minerals and vitamins. A well-formulated equine mineral supplement can help fill any gaps in the mare's diet. Calcium and phosphorus, in particular, are vital for skeletal development. I usually recommend a ratio of 1.5:1 of calcium to phosphorus.

In practical terms, I’ve found that feeding a combination of hay, grains, and high-quality mineral supplements works best. If you're uncertain about your mare's specific needs, a consultation with a veterinarian or equine nutritionist can help tailor the diet more closely to her requirements.

Monitoring Body Condition and Adjusting Diet

Monitoring the mare's body condition score (BCS) is an essential part of her pregnancy care. A BCS of 5-7 is ideal, indicating she is in good health without being excessively fat or thin. If a mare begins to lose weight, it may be necessary to increase her calorie intake. Conversely, if she's gaining too much weight, you may need to adjust her feed.

I typically assess BCS every month during pregnancy. If a mare is at a BCS of 4 or lower, it’s crucial to increase her feed to prevent any complications. Research from the University of Florida suggests that mares in poor condition are more likely to experience complications during foaling and may have lower-quality milk.

Feeding Frequency

Feeding frequency can also play a role in a mare's overall health. I recommend dividing her daily feed into three to four smaller meals. This mimics her natural grazing behavior, helps prevent digestive upsets, and ensures a steady supply of energy throughout the day.

In my experience, this approach not only supports the mare’s digestive health but can also improve her mood and energy levels, which are vital as she approaches the foaling date.

Practical Tips from Experience

Start monitoring her body condition score about two months after confirming pregnancy. This gives you enough time to make dietary adjustments as needed.
Plan to increase her caloric intake by about 25% during the last trimester. I find this is often the most crucial time for nutritional needs.
Introduce new feed gradually. If you’re changing her diet, do so over 7-10 days to prevent digestive upset.
Provide access to clean, fresh water at all times. Hydration is often overlooked but is essential for both mare and foal.
Consider adding a high-quality mineral supplement to your mare’s diet. I often recommend consulting with a nutritionist to find the best option for your specific situation.
Keep a close eye on her temperament and behavior. Changes can indicate discomfort or nutritional issues that may need addressing.
Don’t forget about exercise! While it’s important for the mare to rest, gentle exercise can help maintain her muscle tone and overall health.
Finally, remember to keep her environment as stress-free as possible. A calm mare is more likely to have a smooth pregnancy and delivery.

Common Questions I Get Asked

What should I feed my pregnant mare?

In general, a balanced diet consisting of high-quality forage, a concentrated grain mix, and mineral supplements is ideal. The specific amounts will depend on her body condition and stage of pregnancy.

How much water does a pregnant mare need?

A pregnant mare should have access to fresh, clean water at all times. On average, she may drink between 10 to 12 gallons a day, but this can vary based on her diet and climate.

Is it safe to exercise my pregnant mare?

Yes, gentle exercise is beneficial. I recommend light riding or pasture turnout, as long as the mare is comfortable. Avoid strenuous work, especially in the later stages of pregnancy.

When should I start preparing for foaling?

I advise starting preparations about two weeks before the expected foaling date. This allows you to ensure the mare has a comfortable space and that you're ready for any potential complications.

What if my mare is overweight or underweight?

For an overweight mare, reduce her grain intake while ensuring she has access to good-quality forage. For an underweight mare, gradually increase her feed and consider consulting with a vet for a tailored plan.

Warning Signs and When to Call Your Vet

While most pregnancies progress smoothly, it’s crucial to be vigilant. Here are some warning signs that should prompt a call to your veterinarian:

Discharge: Any abnormal discharge, especially if it is foul-smelling, can indicate infection or complications.
Lack of Appetite: If your mare suddenly refuses to eat, it may signal distress or health issues.
Colic Symptoms: Signs of colic, such as rolling, pacing, or pawing, should be taken seriously. Pregnant mares are at higher risk for colic.
Abdominal Swelling: Sudden swelling of the abdomen can indicate issues with the pregnancy or fluid accumulation.
Signs of Distress: If your mare is exhibiting unusual behavior, such as excessive sweating or restlessness, it’s essential to consult your vet.
Persistent Lameness: If she shows signs of lameness that worsen over time, you’ll want to get her checked out.
Labor Signs Before Term: If she starts showing signs of labor before the expected date, such as nesting or frequent pacing, it’s time to call for help.

Conclusion

As I reflect on my years of working with pregnant mares, I am continually reminded of the importance of proper care and nutrition. A mare's feeding schedule and diet can profoundly influence the health of both her and her foal. By understanding her unique needs and making informed choices, you can help ensure a smooth pregnancy and a healthy foal.

Don’t forget to utilize a gestation calculator to help you track your mare's pregnancy progress. If you have any concerns or questions, don't hesitate to reach out to your veterinarian. They can provide invaluable support and guidance.

Remember, every mare is different, but with the right knowledge and preparation, you can make this journey a rewarding one. Happy breeding!

Disclaimer: This article is for informational purposes only and does not replace veterinary advice. Always consult with a veterinarian for specific concerns regarding your mare’s health.

Essential Feeding Guide for Pregnant Horses to Thrive